Dr Karen Steel

Eyibio, Uduak P., Aziz, Hammad and Steel, Karen M. (2025). The influence of force and inertinite on pore development in coke and its implications on coke strength. Fuel, 381 133444, 133444. doi: 10.1016/j.fuel.2024.133444

H. Ibrahim, Mohamed, Batstone, Damien, Vaughan, James and Steel, Karen (2024). Electrochemical separation of sulfuric acid from magnesium sulfate solutions: application for nickel laterite processing. Separation and Purification Technology, 336 126291. doi: 10.1016/j.seppur.2024.126291

Somasundaram, Singaram, Congo, Tara and Steel, Karen M. (2024). High temperature viscoelastic behaviour of sugarcane bagasse char and coal blends: role of oxygen and porosity of char on fluidity reduction. Fuel, 362 130672, 1-14. doi: 10.1016/j.fuel.2023.130672

Zaghloul, Moustafa Mahmoud Yousry, Steel, Karen, Veidt, Martin and Heitzmann, Michael T. (2024). Assessment of the tribological performance of glass fibre reinforced polyamide 6 under harsh abrasive environments. Tribology International, 191 109059. doi: 10.1016/j.triboint.2023.109059

Gao, Shuai, Congo, Tara, Jing, Zhenhua, Aziz, Shazed, Balucan, Reydick, Zhu, Zhonghua, Pell, Stephen D. and Steel, Karen M. (2023). Oxidative effects of gaseous oxygen and ozone on Australian subbituminous and bituminous coals and the implications for coal seam permeability enhancement. Gas Science and Engineering, 118 205092, 205092. doi: 10.1016/j.jgsce.2023.205092

Zaghloul, Moustafa Mahmoud Yousry, Steel, Karen, Veidt, Martin, Martin, Darren, Firouzi, Mahshid and Heitzmann, Michael T. (2023). Influence of Counter-Face Grit Size and Lubricant on the Abrasive Wear Behaviour of Thermoplastic Polymers Reinforced with Glass Fibres. Tribology Letters, 71 (3) 102, 1-22. doi: 10.1007/s11249-023-01774-9

Jayasekara, Apsara S., Brooks, Brody, Steel, Karen, Koshy, Pramod, Hockings, Kim and Tahmasebi, Arash (2023). Microalgae blending for sustainable metallurgical coke production – Impacts on coking behaviour and coke quality. Fuel, 344 128130, 1-18. doi: 10.1016/j.fuel.2023.128130

Congo, Tara, Rodrigues, Sandra, Esterle, Joan, Steel, Karen and Maranha, Silvio (2023). Before and after: A visual glimpse into the coking behaviour of coal macerals. Fuel, 343 127979, 1-13. doi: 10.1016/j.fuel.2023.127979

Zaghloul, Moustafa Mahmoud Yousry, Steel, Karen, Veidt, Martin and Heitzmann, Michael T. (2023). Mechanical and tribological performances of thermoplastic polymers reinforced with glass fibres at variable fibre volume fractions. Polymers, 15 (3) 694, 1-23. doi: 10.3390/polym15030694

Jing, Zhenhua, Pan, Songqi, Wang, Xiaoming, Yuan, Ming, Li, Yong, Liu, Entao, Liu, Hanlin, Underschultz, Jim and Steel, Karen (2022). Oxidant stimulation to enhance coal seam permeability mechanism and application. Meitan Xuebao/Journal of the China Coal Society, 47 (11), 3975-3989. doi: 10.13225/j.cnki.jccs.L022.1145

Zaghloul, Moustafa Mahmoud Yousry, Steel, Karen, Veidt, Martin and Heitzmann, Michael T. (2021). Wear behaviour of polymeric materials reinforced with man-made fibres: a comprehensive review about fibre volume fraction influence on wear performance. Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites, 41 (5-6), 073168442110517-241. doi: 10.1177/07316844211051733

Steel, Karen M., Jenkins, David R., Balucan, Reydick D. and Mahoney, Merrick R. (2021). Identification of preferential pathways in the pore microstructure of metallurgical coke and links to anisotropic strength properties. Fuel, 296 120688, 1-8. doi: 10.1016/j.fuel.2021.120688

Aziz, Hammad, Congo, Tara and Steel, Karen M. (2021). Understanding the multiple interactions of inertinite during pyrolysis/carbonisation with vitrinite: A study of two Australian coals of different rank. Fuel Processing Technology, 217 106823, 1-13. doi: 10.1016/j.fuproc.2021.106823

Jing, Zhenhua, Gao, Shuai, Rodrigues, Sandra, Underschultz, Jim, Strounina, Ekaterina, Pan, Songqi, Wu, Songtao, Li, Yong, Balucan, Reydick and Steel, Karen M. (2021). Influence of porosity on the reactivity of inertinite and vitrinite toward sodium hypochlorite: implications for enhancing coal seam gas development. International Journal of Coal Geology, 237 103709, 1-11. doi: 10.1016/j.coal.2021.103709

Zappala, Lauren C., Balucan, Reydick D., Vaughan, James and Steel, Karen M. (2020). Development of a nickel extraction-mineral carbonation process: analysis of leaching mechanisms using regenerated acid. Hydrometallurgy, 197 105482, 105482. doi: 10.1016/j.hydromet.2020.105482

Aziz, Hammad, Rodrigues, Sandra, Esterle, Joan S. and Steel, Karen M. (2020). Interactions between vitrinite and solid additives including inertinite during pyrolysis for coke-making considerations. Fuel Processing Technology, 201 106321, 106321. doi: 10.1016/j.fuproc.2019.106321

Jing, Zhenhua, Balucan, Reydick D., Underschultz, Jim R., Pan, Songqi and Steel, Karen M. (2020). Chemical stimulation for enhancing coal seam permeability: laboratory study into permeability variation and coal structure examination. International Journal of Coal Geology, 219 103375, 1-11. doi: 10.1016/j.coal.2019.103375

Huang, Wei, Ren, Fei, Shi, Fengnian and Steel, Karen (2019). X-ray CT observations of selective damage of mineralised synthetic particles by high voltage pulses. Minerals Engineering, 143 106007, 106007. doi: 10.1016/j.mineng.2019.106007

Ge, Lei, Soares, Fabio Terzini, Mahoney, Shilo, Hamilton, Christopher, Khan, Chawarwan, Steel, Karen, Rufford, Thomas E. and Rudolph, Victor (2019). Effect of oxidation and silane surface treatments of coal powders on relative permeability in packed coal beds. Journal of Natural Gas Science and Engineering, 69 102931, 102931. doi: 10.1016/j.jngse.2019.102931

Zappala, Lauren C., Balucan, Reydick D., Vaughan, James and Steel, Karen M. (2019). Analysis of a reactive distillation process to recover tertiary amines and acid for use in a combined nickel extraction‐mineral carbonation process. Environmental Progress and Sustainable Energy, 38 (3) ep.13141, e13141. doi: 10.1002/ep.13141

Jing, Zhenhua, Rodrigues, Sandra, Strounina, Ekaterina, Li, Mengran, Wood, Barry, Underschultz, Jim R., Esterle, Joan S. and Steel, Karen M. (2019). Use of FTIR, XPS, NMR to characterize oxidative effects of NaClO on coal molecular structures. International Journal of Coal Geology, 201, 1-13. doi: 10.1016/j.coal.2018.11.017

Jing, Zhenhua, Mahoney, Shilo A., Rodrigues, Sandra, Balucan, Reydick D., Underschultz, Jim, Esterle, Joan S., Rufford, Thomas E. and Steel, Karen M. (2018). A preliminary study of oxidant stimulation for enhancing coal seam permeability: effects of sodium hypochlorite oxidation on subbituminous and bituminous Australian coals. International Journal of Coal Geology, 200, 36-44. doi: 10.1016/j.coal.2018.10.006

Gao, Shuai, Hernandez, Byron S., Ge, Lei, Steel, Karen, Rufford, Thomas and Zhu, Zhonghua (2018). Effect of rheological properties of mesophase pitch and coal mixtures on pore development in activated carbon discs with high compressive strength. Fuel Processing Technology, 177, 219-227. doi: 10.1016/j.fuproc.2018.04.032

Balucan, Reydick D., Turner, Luc G. and Steel, Karen M. (2018). X-ray μCT investigations of the effects of cleat demineralization by HCl acidizing on coal permeability. Journal of Natural Gas Science and Engineering, 55, 206-218. doi: 10.1016/j.jngse.2018.05.007

Jing, Zhenhua, Balucan, Reydick D., Underschultz, Jim R. and Steel, Karen M. (2018). Oxidant stimulation for enhancing coal seam permeability: swelling and solubilisation behaviour of unconfined coal particles in oxidants. Fuel, 221, 320-328. doi: 10.1016/j.fuel.2018.02.071

Mahoney, Shilo A., Rufford, Thomas E., Johnson, David, Dmyterko, Anastasia, Rodrigues, Sandra, Esterle, Joan, Rudolph, Victor and Steel, Karen M. (2017). The effect of rank, lithotype and roughness on contact angle measurements in coal cleats. International Journal of Coal Geology, 179, 302-315. doi: 10.1016/j.coal.2017.07.001

Nguyen, Ngoc N., Nguyen, Anh V., Steel, Karen M., Dang, Liem X. and Galib, Mirza (2017). Interfacial gas enrichment at hydrophobic surfaces and the origin of promotion of gas hydrate formation by hydrophobic solid particles. Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 121 (7), 3830-3840. doi: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.6b07136

Lomas, Hannah, Jenkins, David R., Mahoney, Merrick R., Pearce, Robin, Roest, Richard, Steel, Karen and Mayo, Sheridan (2017). Examining mechanisms of metallurgical coke fracture using micro-CT imaging and analysis. Fuel Processing Technology, 155, 183-190. doi: 10.1016/j.fuproc.2016.05.039

Turner, Luc G. and Steel, Karen M. (2016). A study into the effect of cleat demineralisation by hydrochloric acid on the permeability of coal. Journal of Natural Gas Science and Engineering, 36 (A), 931-942. doi: 10.1016/j.jngse.2016.11.003

Gao, Jinfang, Xing, Huilin, Turner, Luc, Steel, Karen, Sedek, Mohamed, Golding, Sue D. and Rudolph, Victor (2016). Pore-scale numerical investigation on chemical stimulation in coal and permeability enhancement for coal seam gas production. Transport in Porous Media, 116 (1), 1-17. doi: 10.1007/s11242-016-0777-9

Balucan, Reydick D., Turner, Luc G. and Steel, Karen M. (2016). Acid-induced mineral alteration on the permeability and compressibility of coal. Journal of Natural Gas Science and Engineering, 33, 973-987. doi: 10.1016/j.jngse.2016.04.023

Steel, Karen M., Dawson, Robin E., Jenkins, David R., Pearce, Robin and Mahoney, Merrick R. (2016). Use of rheometry and micro-CT analysis to understand pore structure development in coke. Fuel Processing Technology, 155, 106-113. doi: 10.1016/j.fuproc.2016.04.027

Ntuk, Ubong and Steel, Karen (2016). Metastable zone width and nucleation threshold of aluminium hydroxyfluoride hydrate. Crystal Research and Technology, 51 (4), 265-275. doi: 10.1002/crat.201500294

Mohoney, Shilo A., Rufford, Thomas, Rudolph, Victor, Liu, Kai-Yu, Rodrigues, Sandra and Steel, Karen (2015). Creation of micro channels in Bowen Basin coals using UV laser and reactive ion etching. International Journal of Coal Geology, 144-145, 48-57. doi: 10.1016/j.coal.2015.04.001

Ntuk, Ubong, Tait, Stephan, White, Edward T and Steel, Karen M (2015). The precipitation and solubility of aluminium hydroxyfluoride hydrate between 30 and 70 °c. Hydrometallurgy, 155, 79-87. doi: 10.1016/j.hydromet.2015.04.010

Balucan, Reydick D. and Steel, Karen M. (2015). A regenerable precipitant-solvent system for CO2 mitigation and metals recovery. International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control, 42, 379-387. doi: 10.1016/j.ijggc.2015.08.004

Steel, Karen M., Diaz, Miguel Castro, Duffy, John J., Snape, Colin E. and Mahoney, Merrick R. (2014). Influence of thermoplastic properties on coking pressure generation: part IV - further evidence of the role of bubble coalescence in the mechanism for pressure generation. Fuel, 129, 102-110. doi: 10.1016/j.fuel.2014.03.035

Steel, Karen M., Alizadehhesari, Kimia, Balucan, Reydick D. and Basic, Bruno (Bašić, Bruno) (2013). Conversion of CO2 into mineral carbonates using a regenerable buffer to control solution pH. Fuel, 111, 40-47. doi: 10.1016/j.fuel.2013.04.033

Lisbona, Diego F., Somerfield, Christopher and Steel, Karen M. (2013). Leaching of spent pot-lining with aluminium nitrate and nitric acid: Effect of reaction conditions and thermodynamic modelling of solution speciation. Hydrometallurgy, 134-135, 132-143. doi: 10.1016/j.hydromet.2013.02.011

Duffy, John J., Scholes, Oliver, Mahoney, Merrick R. and Steel, Karen M. (2013). Influence of thermoplastic properties on coking pressure generation: Part 3 - Evidence and role of pore coalescence in the mechanism for pressure generation. Fuel, 103, 711-718. doi: 10.1016/j.fuel.2012.08.022

Lisbona, Diego F., Somerfield, Christopher and Steel, Karen M. (2012). Treatment of Spent Pot-lining with Aluminum Anodizing Wastewaters: Selective Precipitation of Aluminum and Fluoride as an Aluminum Hydroxyfluoride Hydrate Product. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 51 (39), 12712-12722. doi: 10.1021/ie3013506

Lisbona, Diego F., Somerfield, Christopher and Steel, Karen M. (2012). Leaching of spent pot-lining with aluminum anodizing wastewaters: Fluoride extraction and thermodynamic modeling of aqueous speciation. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 51 (25), 8366-8377. doi: 10.1021/ie3006353

Duffy, J. J., Mahoney, M. R. and Steel, K. M. (2010). Influence of coal thermoplastic properties on coking pressure generation: Part 2 – A study of binary coal blends and specific additives. Fuel, 89 (7), 1600-1615. doi: 10.1016/j.fuel.2009.08.035

Duffy, J. J., Mahoney, M. R. and Steel, Karen M. (2010). Influence of thermoplastic properties on coking pressure generation: Part 1 – A study of single coals of various rank. Fuel, 89 (7), 1590-1599. doi: 10.1016/j.fuel.2009.08.031

Steel, Karen M., Castro Diaz, Miguel, Duffy, John J. and Snape, Colin E. (2009). Use of Oscillatory Shear Rheometry and Thermogravimetric Analysis To Examine the Microstructural Changes during Coal Pyrolysis/Carbonization for the Prediction of IRSID Strength Indices. Energy & Fuels, 23 (4), 2111-2117. doi: 10.1021/ef800977q

Fernandez Lisbona, Diego and Steel, Karen M. (2008). Recovery of fluoride values from spent pot-lining: precipitation of an aluminium hydroxyfluoride hydrate product. Separation and Purification Technology, 61 (2), 182-192. doi: 10.1016/j.seppur.2007.10.012

Casto Diaz, Miguel, Edeki, Lucky, Steel, Karen M., Patrick, John W. and Snape, Colin E. (2008). Determination of the effects caused by different polymers on coal fluidity during carbonisation using high-temperature 1H NMR and rheometry. Energy & Fuels, 22 (1), 471-479. doi: 10.1021/ef7004628

Casto Diaz, M., Duffy, J. J., Snape, C. E. and Steel, K. M. (2007). Use of high-temperature, high-torque rheometry to study the viscoelastic properties of coal during carbonization. Journal of Rheology, 51 (5), 895-913. doi: 10.1122/1.2754317

Duffy John J., Castro Diaz, M., Snape, Colin E., Steel, Karen M. and Mahoney, Merrick R. (2007). Understanding the mechanisms behind coking pressure: Relationship to pore structure. Fuel, 86 (14), 2167-2178. doi: 10.1016/j.fuel.2007.03.040

Wu, Zhiheng and Steel, Karen M. (2007). Demineralization of a UK bituminous coal using HF and ferric ions. Fuel, 86 (14), 2194-2200. doi: 10.1016/j.fuel.2007.02.038

Steel, Karen (2007). Chemically cleaning coal. The Chemical Engineer (793), 52-53.

Fernandez Lisbona, D and Steel, KM (2007). Treatment of spent pot-lining for recovery of fluoride values. Light Metals, 843-848.

Steel, Karen M., Diaz, Miguel C., Patrick, John W. and Snape, Colin E. (2006). Evidence for network formation during the carbonization of coal from the combination of rheometry and 1H NMR techniques. Fuel, 85 (12-13), 1821-1830. doi: 10.1016/j.fuel.2006.01.016

Hanson, S., Steel, K. M., Snape, C. E. and Patrick, J. W. (2006). The possible role of fissure formation in the prevention of coking pressure generation. Fuel, 85 (1), 19-24. doi: 10.1016/j.fuel.2005.04.020

Castro Diaz, Miguel C., Steel, Karen M., Drage, Trevor C., Patrick, John W. and Snape, Colin E. (2005). Determination of the effect of different additives in coking blends using a combination of in situ high-temperature 1H NMR and rheometry. Energy & Fuels, 19 (6), 2423-2431. doi: 10.1021/ef050126n

Steel, KM and Patrick, JW (2004). Re-generation of hydrofluoric acid and selective separation of Si(IV) in a process for producing ultra-clean coal. Fuel Processing Technology, 86 (2), 179-190. doi: 10.1016/j.fuproc.2004.02.003

Steel, Karen M., Castro Diaz, Miguel, Patrick, John W. and Snape, Colin E. (2004). Use of rheometry and 1H NMR spectroscopy for understanding the mechanisms behind the generation of coking pressure. Energy & Fuels, 18 (5), 1250-1256. doi: 10.1021/ef034058l

Steel, KM and Patrick, JW (2003). The production of ultra clean coal by sequential leaching with HF followed by HNO3. Fuel, 82 (15-17), 1917-1920. doi: 10.1016/S0016-2361(03)00149-2

Rubiera, F, Arenillas, A, Arias, B, Pis, JJ, Suarez-Ruiz, I, Steel, KM and Patrick, JW (2003). Combustion behaviour of ultra clean coal obtained by chemical demineralisation. Fuel, 82 (15-17), 2145-2151. doi: 10.1016/S0016-2361(03)00181-9

Rubiera, R, Arenillas, A, Pevida, C, Garcia, R, Pis, JJ, Steel, KM and Patrick, JW (2002). Coal structure and reactivity changes induced by chemical demineralisation. Fuel Processing Technology, 79 (3), 273-279. doi: 10.1016/S0378-3820(02)00185-6

Steel, KM, Besida, J, O'Donnell, TA and Wood, DG (2002). Production of ultra clean coal, Part III. Effect of coal’s carbonaceous matrix on the dissolution of mineral matter using hydrofluoric acid. Fuel Processing Technology, 76 (1), 51-59. doi: 10.1016/S0378-3820(02)00017-6

Steel, KM and Patrick, J (2001). The production of ultra clean coal by chemical demineralisation. Fuel, 80 (14), 2019-2023. doi: 10.1016/S0016-2361(01)00092-8

Steel, KM, Besida, J, O'Donnell, TA and Wood, DG (2001). Production of Ultra Clean Coal Part I - Dissolution behaviour of mineral matter in black coal toward hydrochloric and hydrofluoric acids. Fuel Processing Technology, 70 (3), 171-192. doi: 10.1016/S0378-3820(01)00171-0

Steel, KM, Besida, J, O'Donnell, TA and Wood, DG (2001). Production of Ultra Clean Coal Part II - Ionic equilibria in solution when mineral matter from black coal is treated with aqueous hydrofluoric acid. Fuel Processing Technology, 70 (3), 193-219. doi: 10.1016/S0378-3820(01)00173-4

Steel, KM, Besida, J, O'Donnell, TA and Wood, DG (2001). Production of Ultra Clean Coal, Part I – Dissolution behaviour of mineral matter in black coal toward hydrochloric and hydrofluoric acids. Fuel Processing Technology, 70 (3), 171-192. doi: 10.1016/S0378-3820(01)00171-0

Steel, KM, Besida, J, O'Donnell, TA and Wood, DG (2001). Production of Ultra Clean Coal, Part II – Ionic equilibria in solution when mineral matter from black coal is treated with aqueous hydrofluoric acid. Fuel Processing Technology, 70 (3), 193-219. doi: 10.1016/S0378-3820(01)00173-4

Congo, Tara, Rodrigues, Sandra, Esterle, Joan, Somasundaram, Singaram and Steel, Karen (2022). Understanding the coal-to-coke transformation . Dorothy Hill Women in Earth and Environmental Sciences Symposium, Brisbane, QLD Australia, 7-9 November 2022.

Jayasekara, Apsara S., Brooks, Brody, Steel, Karen, Koshy, Pramod, Hockings, Kim and Tahmasebi, Arash (2022). Impact of microalgae addition on thermoplastic behaviour of australian metallurgical coals during the coking process. 8th ECIC and 9th ICSTI, Bremen, Germany, 29 August-2 September 2022.

Congo, Tara, Rodrigues, Sandra, Esterle, Joan and Steel, Karen (2022). The effect of thermal alteration on coking behaviour. Bowen Basin Symposium, Mackay, QLD Australia, 28-30 March 2022.

Emmett, Rebecca K. and Steel, Karen M. (2021). Pre-feasibility study of the application of sodium sulphate electrodialysis in lithium carbonate production from α- spodumene. Chemeca 2021, Virtual, 27-28 September 2021.

Balucan, Reydick and Steel, Karen (2019). The impact of cleat connectivity on coal seam gas geomodels' 3D permeability. SPE/AAPG/SEG Asia Pacific Unconventional Resources Technology Conference, Brisbane, QLD, Australia, 18 – 19 November 2019. Brisbane, QLD, Australia: Unconventional Resources Technology Conference (URTEC). doi: 10.15530/AP-URTEC-2019-198327

Zappala, Lauren, Balucan, Reydick, Vaughan, James and Steel, Karen (2018). An acid recovery and mineral carbonation process forthe nickel industry. 6th International Conference on Accelerated Carbonation for Environmental and Material Engineering, ACEME 2018, Newcastle, NSW, Australia, 11 - 14 March, 2018. New York, NY, United States: AIChE.

Terzini Soares, Fabio, Ge, Lei, Rufford, Thomas E., Steel, Karen and Rudolph, Victor (2018). Response of relative permeability to coal surface chemistry and effective pressure through steady-state flooding measurements using X-ray CT scanner and artificial Australian coal cores. InterPore 10th Annual Meeting, New Orleans, LA USA, 14-17 May 2018.

Balucan, Reydick D. and Steel, Karen M. (2015). A regenerable chemical process for greenhouse gas control and metals recovery: Potential utilisation of Philippine nickel laterite and serpentinite resources. 30th Philippine Chemistry Congress, Davao City, Philippines, 15-17 April 2015.

Mohoney, Shilo, Rufford, Thomas, Rudolph, Victor and Steel, Karen (2015). The effect of coal rank on wettability and capillary pressure in a single cleat. International Conference on Coal Science and Technology, Melbourme, Australia, 27 September - 1 October 2015.

Balucan, Reydick D., Turner, Luc G. and Steel, Karen M. (2015). The influence of cleat demineralisation on the compressibility of coal. SPE Asia Pacific Unconventional Resources Conference and Exhibition, Brisbane Australia, Nov. 9-11, 2015. Richardson, TX, United States: Society of Petroleum Engineers. doi: 10.2118/176960-MS

Khan, Charwarwan, Ge, Lei, Mahoney, Shilo, Rufford, Tom, Rudolph, Victor, Steel, Karen, Towler, Brian and Honari, Vahab (2015). Coal bed methane reservoir simulation study. AAPG Opportunities and Advancements in Coal Bed Methane in the Asia Pacific, Brisbane / Brisbane Convention Centre, 12-13 February 2015. Tulsa, OK United States: Datapages.

Steel, Karen M. and Balucan, Reydick D. (2015). Recent advances in the development of a new pH swing method based on a regenerable precipitant-solvent system for metals recovery and greenhouse gas control. 5th International Conference for Accelerated Carbonation for Environmental and Materials Engineering (ACEME15), New York, NY, United States, 21-24 June 2015. AIChE.

Shilo Mohoney, Rufford, Thomas, Anastasia Dmyterko, Rudolph, Victor and Karen Steel (2015). The effect of rank and lithotype on coal wettability and its application to coal relative permeability models. SPE Asia Pacific Unconventional Resources Conference and Exhibition, Brisbane, QLD, Australia, 9-11 November 2015. Richardson, TX, United States: The Society of Petroleum Engineers. doi: 10.2118/176870-MS

Mahoney, Shilo, Rudolph, Victor, Rufford, Thomas E., Steel, Karen, Yu, Kai and Rodrigues, Sandra (2015). Creation of micro channels in Bowen Basin coal using UV laser and reactive ion etching. AAPG Opportunities and Advancements in Coal Bed Methane in the Asia Pacific, Brisbane / Brisbane Convention Centre, 12-13 February 2015. Tulsa, OK United States: Datapages.

Kokonya, Sylvia N., Castro-Díaz, Miguel, Snape, Colin E. and Steel, Karen M. (2013). Using laboratory tests including high-temperature SAOS rheometry to predict excessive wall pressures in coke ovens. 2013 ICCS&T: 14th International Conference on Coal Science and Technology, State College, PA, USA, 30 September-3 October, 2013. Pennsylvania, PA, USA: EMS Energy Institute.

Steel, Karen M and Balucan, Reydick D (2013). CO2 mineralisation using a regenerable buffer to control solution pH. 10th Australian Coal Science Conference, Brisbane, Australia, 18-19 November 2013.

Dawson, Robin E, Yu, Fengyuan, Mahoney, Merrick R. and Steel, Karen M. (2013). Use of rheometry and thermogravimetric analysis to study the fundamental mechanisms for fissuring during coal carbonisation and its relationship to coke strength indices. 2013 ICCS&T: 14th International Conference on Coal Science and Technology, State College, PA, USA, 30 September-3 October, 2013. Pennsylvania, PA, USA: EMS Energy Institute.

Ntuk, Ubong, White, Edward, Tait, Stephan and Steel, Karen (2013). Prediction of solubilities of aluminium hydroxyfluoride hydrate recovered from spent pot lining. Chemeca 2013: Challenging tomorrow, Brisbane, QLD, Australia, 29 September–2 October, 2013. Barton, ACT, Australia: Institution of Engineers Australia.

Steel, Karen, Alizadehhesari, Kimia, Fox, Kristiane and Balucan, Reydick (2013). Potential for CO2 sequestration as mineral carbonate within Ni laterite processing. ALTA 2013: Nickel-Cobalt-Copper, Uranium-REE and Gold Conference & Exhibition, Perth, Australia, 27-30 May 2013. Melbourne, Australia: ALTA Metallurgical Services Publications.

Turner, Luc G., Steel, Karen M. and Pell, Stephen (2013). Novel chemical stimulation techniques to enhance coal permeability for coal seam gas extraction. SPE 13URCE: Unconventional Resources Conference and Exhibition-Asia Pacific 2013, South Bank, QLD, Australia, 11-13 November, 2013. Richardson, TX, USA: Society of Petroleum Engineers (SPE). doi: 10.2118/167015-MS

Turner, Luc G., Pell, Stephen D. and Steel, Karen M. (2013). Novel chemical stimulation techniques to enhance coal permeability. 2013 ICCS&T: 14th International Conference on Coal Science and Technology, State College, PA, USA, 30 September-3 October, 2013. Pennsylvania, PA, USA: EMS Energy Institute.

Steel, Karen M. and Balucan, Redick D. (2013). Conversion of CO2 into mineral carbonates using a regenerable buffer to control solution pH. 2013 ICCS&T: 14th International Conference on Coal Science and Technology, State College, PA, USA, 30 September-3 October, 2013. Pennsylvania, PA, USA: EMS Energy Institute.

Duffy, John, Steel, Karen, Scholes, Oliver and Mahoney, Merrick (2011). The use of high temperature rheometry to study the foaming behaviour of coal and elucidate the mechanisms for oven wall pressure. 6th European Coke and Ironmaking Congress, Dussuldorf, Germany, June 27 - July 1, 2011. Dussuldorf, Germany: Metec; Stahl-Institut VDEh.

Alizadehhesari, K. and Steel, K. (2011). Carbon dioxide sequestration by aqueous mineral carbonation of serpentine and explanation of experimental results. 2011 ICCS&T: 13th International Conference on Coal Science and Technology, Oviedo, Spain, 9-13 October, 2011. Spain:

Steel, K., Duffy, J. and Mahoney, M. (2009). Use of high temperature rheometry to study the foaming behaviour of coal during pyrolysis/carbonisation in order to understand the mechanisms responsible for coking pressures. Chemeca 2009, Perth, Western Australia, 27-30 September, 2009. Perth, Western Australia: Engineers Australia.

Melendi Espina, Sonia, Díez Díaz-Estébanez, M. Antonia, Álvarez García, Ramón, Castro, Miguel, Steel, Karen and Snape, Colin E. (2007). Rheological behaviour of coal modified by waste plastics and lubricating-oils. International Conference on Coal Science and Technology, Nottingham, UK, 28-31 August 2007. Nottingham, England: INCAR.

Wu, Z. and Steel, K. M. (2007). Influence of coal type on the production of ultra clean coal by chemical leaching with HF followed by Fe(NO3)3. 2007 International Conference on Coal Science and Technology, Nottingham, UK, 28-31 August. Nottingham, UK: IEA Clean Coal Centre.

Díaz, Miguel Castro, Duffy, John J., Snape, Colin E. and Steel, Karen M. (2007). The shear-rate dependent viscoelastic properties of coal during carbonisation. 2007 ICCS&T: 2007 International Conference on Coal Science and Technology, Nottingham, UK, 28-31 August. Nottingham, U.K.: Fuel and Energy Centre.

Duffy, J. J., Castro Diaz, M., Snape, C. E., Mahoney, M. R. and Steel, K. M. (2007). Combined use of rheometry and microscopy to understand pore structure development during coal carbonisation. 2007 ICCS&T: 2007 International Conference on Coal Science and Technology, Nottingham, UK, 28-31 August. Nottingham, U.K: Fuel and Energy Centre.

Steel, K. M., Castro Diaz, M., Patrick, J. W. and Snape, C. E. (2005). Understanding the microstructure of coal during carbonization using rheometry and 1H NMR. 2005 ICCS&T International Conference on Coal Science and Technology, Okinawa, Japan, 9-14 October 2005. Tsukuba, Japan: ICCS&T.

Steel, K. M., Gu, Y. and Wu, Z. (2005). Production of ultra-clean coal. 2005 International Conference on Coal Science and Technology, Okinawa, Japan, 9-14 October, 2005.

Steel, K. M., Castro Diaz, M., Patrick, J. W., Huang, W. L. and Snape, C. E. (2003). Understanding the viscoelastic behaviour of coals with respect to coking pressure using rheometry, 1H NMR and visual techniques. 12th International Conference on Coal Science (12th ICCS), Cairns, Australia, 2-6 November 2003. Cairns, Australia: Australian Institute of Energy.

Steel, K. M. and Patrick, J. W. (2003). Recovery of reagent in a process for producing ultra clean coal. 12th International Conference on Coal Science "Coal - contributing to sustainable world development", Cairns, Qld, Australia, 2 - 6 November, 2003.

Dr Karen Steel

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